Short communicationRemoval of heavy metal ions from pharma-effluents using graphene-oxide nanosorbents and study of their adsorption kinetics
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Nanomaterials utilization for industrial applications has been increasing rapidly in the recent years. Heavy metals are considered with great concern because of their extreme toxicity even at their low concentration, tendency of accumulation in organisms or food chain and its pollution. The indiscriminate disposal of wastewater is a worldwide environmental concern as it has many negative impacts on human health. Wastewaters from many industries such as metallurgical, mining, chemical manufacturing and battery manufacturing industries contain many kinds of toxic heavy metal ions [1]. Due to the discharge of large amounts of metal-contaminated wastewater, heavy metals such as Cr, Ni, As, Pb and Cd are the most hazardous among the chemical-intensive industries [2]. Therefore, it is necessary to treat metal contaminated wastewater prior to its discharge to the environment. Traditional techniques for the elimination of heavy metal ions include precipitation, membrane filtration, ion exchange, flotation and electrochemical deposition. These processes have significant disadvantages, which are, for instance, incomplete removal, high-energy requirements, and production of toxic sludge [2]. Recently, a large interest and particular focus are given to innovative physico-chemical removal process such as adsorption. Recently, few studies reported on the removal of heavy metal ions by using mesoporous carbons, polydopamine-mediated surface functionalized graphene, porous magnetic silica composite, nanocomposite hydrogels and electrocoagulation [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10].
In recent years, adsorption has become one of the alternative treatments for cheaper and more effective technologies, both to decrease the amount of wastewater produced and to improve the quality of treated effluent [11]. Adsorption techniques have become an attractive way to remove heavy metals from wastewater considering their low cost and high efficiency [12]. Treatment techniques should be not only suitable, appropriate and applicable to local conditions, but also able to meet the maximum contaminant level (MCL) standards established as given in Table 1 [13]. Many sorbent materials have been studied extensively to remove heavy metal ions that suffer from either low-sorption capacities or efficiencies [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22]. Although many techniques can be employed for the treatment of waste-water laden with heavy metals, it is important to note that the selection of the most suitable treatment for metal-contaminated wastewater depends on some basic parameters such as pH, initial metal concentration, the overall treatment performance compared to other technologies, environmental impact as well as economics parameter.
Nanomaterials have gradually developed important roles to resolve this problem because of their high surface area, enhanced active sites, and abundant functional groups on the surfaces [23]. Graphene is an atomically thin two-dimensional carbon based nanomaterial that is composed of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms as found in graphite. Most forms of graphene used in different applications are pristine graphene, graphene oxide (GO) [24], and reduced graphene-oxide. Unlike carbon nanotubes, graphene requires special oxidation processes to introduce hydrophilic groups to improve metal ion-sorption. The preparation of GO nanosheets from graphite using modified Hummer's method introduces many oxygen-containing functional groups such as COOH, CO, and OH, on the surfaces of GO nanosheets. These functional groups are essential for the high-sorption of heavy metal ions. Considering the oxygen-containing functional groups on the GO surfaces and high surface area (theoretical value of 2620 m2/g), the GO nanosheets should have high-sorption capacity in the pre-concentration of heavy metal ions from large volumes of aqueous solutions [23].
In this paper, we report the synthesis of GO by using modified Hummer's method and their application for the removal of heavy metal ions such as Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) from pharma effluents (collected from Ukkadam area, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India). The novelty of this work includes the complete removal of heavy metal ions from pharma-effluent with low adsorbent dosage of GO nanosheets. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm models such as Langmuir and Freundlich models are discussed in detail in order to understand adsorption kinetics. Materials and methods section describes about the materials and methods in which a detailed methodology for synthesis of GO nanosheets is given. In the Results and discussion section, we present the results and discussion in which a quantitative and qualitative analysis of GO nanosheets including Raman, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), batch experiments, effect of solution pH on adsorbent dosage, effect of electrical conductivity (EC) on adsorbent dosage, and effect of heavy metal ion concentration on adsorbent dosage by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) against the concentration of adsorbent dosage are discussed in detail. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work reporting on removal of heavy metal ions from pharma effluents using GO as nanosorbent materials on real time basis.
Section snippets
Materials
The expandable graphite powder (acid washed), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), sulphuric acid (H2SO4), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. All the chemicals used in this experiment were research grade. Deionized water was used throughout the experiment.
Synthesis of graphene-oxide nanoparticles
The GO nanoparticles were synthesized by modified Hummers method in which expandable graphite powder was used as the starting material. The process flow chart from
Characterization techniques
The UV–vis spectroscopy analysis for GO nanoparticles was performed using spectrophotometer (Hewlett Packard HP-8453). X-ray diffraction characterization was performed on X-ray diffractometer system (Shimadzu model, XRD 6000) with Cu-Kα radiation in the range of 20–70° (λ = 1.5418 Å). FT-IR spectroscopy measurement was conducted in FT-IR spectrometer (Model: Bruker IFS 66/S). The molecular morphology of carbon and its ordered carbon bonding was characterized using Raman spectroscopy. The surface
Mechanism of adsorption of heavy metal ions by GO
Recently nanomaterials of inorganic nano-adsorbents are used to remove the heavy metal ions from wastewater because of their excellent size and shape-dependent properties [14], [17], [18], [23]. When nanomaterials are used as sorbents for removing heavy metal ions in waste water, the following criterions should be fulfilled by sorbents. (1) Nanomaterials should have high-sorption capacity and low concentration of pollutants, (2) nanomaterials should be non-toxic, (3) the easy removal of
Conclusion
In conclusion, we have reported a simple and effective method for the removal of heavy metal ions from pharma-effluents by using graphene-oxide nano-sheets as nano-sorbent material. GO was found to have a great efficacy on adsorption process of Pd(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) metal ions. The adsorption efficiency of GO was evaluated for their effective removal of heavy metal ions from pharma-waste effluents using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Our results have shown that the concentration of GO at 70
Acknowledgements
The author acknowledges the Anna University, Coimbatore Regional Center, Tamil Nadu, India and Management of Karunya University (KU) for providing necessary infrastructures to carry out this research project work. The author (S.J. Kim) acknowledges the support of Jeju Sea Grant College Program 2015 funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF), Korea. The corresponding author (G.V.) is an International Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.
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